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More articles from Infantools
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) belongs to acute abdomen events (inflammatory subgroup). It is typical disease of extreme prematurity – incidence is inversely proportional to advancing gestational age (1-5% of newborns admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit). Mortality associated with NEC varies between 20-50%. Multifactorial basis of NEC makes it difficult to pinpoint single…
Definitions
Neonatal definitions are important in relation to categorization of infants into segments that carry a certain risk of associated morbidities. Newborns can be stratified based on Birth weight (BW), Gestational age (GA) and their relationship: Gestational age preterm newborns (< 37+0) term newborn (37+0 to 41+6) postterm newborn (> 41+6)…
Resuscitation
Perinatal asphyxia remains one of the most common indications for postnatal resuscitation. The necessary prerequisites for successful resuscitation are properly equipped rooms (delivery suite, neonatal wards with the right and functional equipment; warmed up to the temperature of 26 °C) with properly trained personnel. Ventilation (and circulation dysfunction) are indications to initiate resuscitation…
Apnea
Apneas represent another important group of respiratory/ventilation dysfunctions in newborns (apart from perinatal asphyxia and respiratory distress syndrome). They are generally defined as a cessation of breathing movements and air flow for more than 20 seconds, thus often being accompanied by desaturation and bradycardia. Spontaneous breathing causes water in lungs to be resorbed into blood and…
Oxygen Therapy
We should attempt to maintain normoxemic oxygenation in order to prevent hypoxic injury (mainly in the cerebral tissue). On the other hand, oxygen should be carefully titrated to newborns, especially preterm, due to the negative effects associated with its overuse (reactive oxygen species = ROS). Hyperoxia induces the production of oxygen radicals that subsequently trigger…
Glucose Infusion Rate
Glucose Infusion Rate (GIR) is the speed at which intravenous glucose is given to a newborn to treat hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) – standard starting target = 4-6 mg/kg/min.
