Bicarbonate
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Neurodevelopment
The central nervous system of extremely preterm infants is highly susceptible to perinatal injuries due to the presence of immature vasculature in the germinal matrix and periventricular white matter. Furthermore, the sensitivity of cerebral tissue to hypoxia-ischemia stems from already low baseline CBF and high oxygen consumption with increased oxygen extraction. In…
Persistent ductus arteriosus
Persistent ductus arteriosus (PDA) connects aorta with main pulmonary artery (MPA) (or left pulmonary artery ā€“ LPA) and during fetal life serves as important right-left shunt => mixed blood flowing from the pulmonary artery to the descendant aorta and supplying the lower half of the body. PDA prenatally remains open due to low partial pressure…
Late onset sepsis
Late onset sepsis (LOS) is an infectious complication in newborns that have clinical presentation after the first 72 hours of life. Sometimes also called nosocomial due to pathogenesis ā€“ contact with mother, breastmilk, invasive procedures, hands of healthcare personnel. LOS episodes significantly contribute to neonatal mortality and morbidity rates and can have lifelong…
Glucose Infusion Rate
Glucose Infusion Rate (GIR) is the speed at which intravenous glucose is given to a newborn to treat hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) – standard starting target = 4-6 mg/kg/min.
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) belongs to acute abdomen events (inflammatory subgroup). It is typical disease of extreme prematurity ā€“ incidence is inversely proportional to advancing gestational age (1-5% of newborns admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit). Mortality associated with NEC varies between 20-50%. Multifactorial basis of NEC makes it difficult to pinpoint single…
Insulin
Insulin is used for significant neonatal hyperglycemia if other key steps fail – lowering the intravenous glucose infusion rate, treating underlying condition (e.g. sepsis).
