Congenital infection is a relatively rare, infectious intrauterine complication. Sometimes also called fetal infections due to pathogenesis – transplacental transmission from mother to fetus. The pathogen can be the cause of fetal demise, organ malformations, and preterm birth with its consequences; however, the pregnant woman is often asymptomatic. There are preventive measures against certain pathogens (rubeola…
Congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) can be detected by the prenatal screening (ultrasound – hydronephrosis, megaureter, renal agenesis). Postnatal investigations include proper clinical examination (increased risk for urinary tract infections, blood pressure monitoring, edema, neurologic symptoms, abdominal mass) and imaging (ultrasound to measure transversal pelvic size, ureter diameter; X-ray cystourethrography to evaluate…
Acute renal failure (ARF) or acute kidney injury (AKI) features decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) that leads to electrolyte and water metabolism disturbances and distortion of acid base homeostasis. The infants should be followed up by a pediatric nephrologist (hypertension, congenital anomalies). The basic division: prerenal→ hypovolemia (sepsis, shock, hemorrhage, dehydration)→ cardiac failure (congenital heart defects)→ hypoxia (perinatal asphyxia) renal→ acute…
Disorders of sex development (DSD) were previously called intersex, incidence is approximately 1:5000 of live births. DSD encompass inadequate production of sex hormones, inappropriate hormonal functioning and gonad developmental anomalies. There is an increased risk of other associated anomalies and gonadal tumors. The patients may require surgery or hormone replacement therapy. Apart from clinical examination and imaging…
There is a number of different types of seizure activity in newborns. Seizure types subtle seizures (grimace, blinking, yawning, salivation, cycling, apnea) myoclonus clonic seizures (unifocal, multifocal) tonic seizures (generalized hypertonia, decerebration-like posture, growling, apnea, bulbar deviation) Etiology congenital CNS malformations hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) intracranial hemorrhage (intraventricular, subdural hemorrhage) meningitis, encephalitis medication hypoglycemia,…
Congenital anomalies of nervous system can be detected by the prenatal screening (ultrasound – hydrocephalus, anencephalus; biochemistry using alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) – elevated in amniotic fluid and maternal serum in neural tube defects). Postnatal investigations include proper clinical examination (proper head circumference measurement, neurologic symptoms, septic workup) and imaging (cranial ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging…
Hypotension and hemodynamic instability in the early postnatal period are common diagnoses within preterm population and has been associated with adverse short-term and long-term outcomes. There are a number of compensatory responses that occur to maintain perfusion and oxygen delivery to the most vital organs, which include peripheral vasoconstriction to maintain blood pressure (BP)….
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The central nervous system of extremely preterm infants is highly susceptible to perinatal injuries due to the presence of immature vasculature in the germinal matrix and periventricular white matter. Furthermore, the sensitivity of cerebral tissue to hypoxia-ischemia stems from already low baseline CBF and high oxygen consumption with increased oxygen extraction. In addition, myocardial dysfunction,…
The central nervous system of extremely preterm infants is highly susceptible to perinatal injuries due to the presence of immature vasculature in the germinal matrix and periventricular white matter. Furthermore, the sensitivity of cerebral tissue to hypoxia-ischemia stems from already low baseline CBF and high oxygen consumption with increased oxygen extraction. In…
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