Echocardiography

  • Persistent ductus arteriosus

    Persistent ductus arteriosus (PDA) connects aorta with main pulmonary artery (MPA) (or left pulmonary artery – LPA) and during fetal life serves as important right-left shunt => mixed blood flowing from the pulmonary artery to the descendant aorta and supplying the lower half of the body. PDA prenatally remains open due to low partial pressure…

  • Congenital heart defects

    Critical congenital heart defects (CCHD) present during the neonatal period with cyanosis and/or cardiac failure depending on the particular defect and its severity. The incidence of the CCHD is approximately 1-3 : 1000. These defects can be diagnosed antenatally, however, anomaly scan detection rates vary significantly among different countries and also within the same country (e.g. 33-70% prenatal CCHD diagnosis in…

  • Hypotension

    Hypotension and hemodynamic instability in the early postnatal period are common diagnoses within preterm population and has been associated with adverse short-term and long-term outcomes. There are a number of compensatory responses that occur to maintain perfusion and oxygen delivery to the most vital organs, which include peripheral vasoconstriction to maintain blood pressure (BP)….